{"id":9625,"date":"2025-12-30T01:30:02","date_gmt":"2025-12-29T16:30:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/murshed.jp\/?p=9625"},"modified":"2025-12-30T02:05:55","modified_gmt":"2025-12-29T17:05:55","slug":"understanding-linux-chmod","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/murshed.jp\/?p=9625&lang=en","title":{"rendered":"Understanding Linux chmod"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"9625\" class=\"elementor elementor-9625\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc7f16d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"dc7f16d\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88c0108 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"88c0108\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Understanding File Permissions<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88d2c77 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"88d2c77\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-523ec0c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"523ec0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The chmod command plays a pivotal role in this process. It enables administrators to set or modify file permissions in a flexible and powerful way. By mastering chmod, system administrators can ensure files and directories have the correct permissions, safeguarding against unauthorized access or manipulation.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19ddfac e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"19ddfac\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-197844f elementor-align-left elementor-tablet-align-left elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-xpro-block-quote\" data-id=\"197844f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"xpro-block-quote.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-block-quote-wrapper xpro-block-quote-layout-2\">\n\t<div class=\"xpro-block-quote-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-block-quote-icon\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-quote-left\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"xpro-block-quote-content\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-block-quote-content-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- Text -->\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"xpro-block-quote-text\">Linux security centers on file permissions, which govern how users interact with the system\u2019s files and directories. Permissions are classified as read (r), write (w), and execute (x), specifying the actions a user may perform on a file or directory.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-block-quote-desc\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bf2b3d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7bf2b3d\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7abe466 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7abe466\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3030c43 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3030c43\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c56697 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4c56697\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"515\" src=\"https:\/\/murshed.jp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/rwx-Permission-States-_-.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-9630\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/murshed.jp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/rwx-Permission-States-_-.webp 700w, https:\/\/murshed.jp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/rwx-Permission-States-_--300x221.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-efe2eda e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"efe2eda\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1fe7d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a1fe7d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Types of Users<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ce7a49 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6ce7a49\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1801548 xpro-table-head-icon-right xpro-table-row-icon-right elementor-widget elementor-widget-xpro-table\" data-id=\"1801548\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"xpro-table.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<table class=\"xpro-table xpro-table-responsive\">\n\t<thead class=\"xpro-table-head\">\n\t<tr class=\"xpro-table-head-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<th class=\"xpro-table-head-column-cell elementor-repeater-item-d9979f5\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-head-column-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-head-column-cell-content\">User Type<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t<th class=\"xpro-table-head-column-cell elementor-repeater-item-fbeaa87\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-head-column-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-head-column-cell-content\">Description<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t<\/thead>\n\t<tbody class=\"xpro-table-body\">\n\t\t\t<tr class=\"xpro-table-body-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-18c8f5c\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOwner\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-9942cce\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe creator of the file, usually granted all permissions (read, write, execute). \t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t<tr class=\"xpro-table-body-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-06a0e42\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGroup \t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-5739d22\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tUsers linked to a single group name, with permissions that may differ from the owner and others.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t<tr class=\"xpro-table-body-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-dcec071\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOthers\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-5ac5cd6\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAnyone not designated as the owner or a member of the group, having the minimal access rights by default.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24a0250 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"24a0250\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a34271c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a34271c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"ember116\" class=\"ember-view reader-text-block__paragraph\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>The Three Permission Types<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Read (r):<\/strong> This permission allows a user or group to view the contents of a file or list the contents of a directory. It is represented by the letter r in permission settings.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Write (w):<\/strong> The write permission empowers users or groups to modify the contents of a file or create and delete files within a directory. It is symbolized by the letter w.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Execute (x):<\/strong> Execute permission, represented by the letter x, grants the ability to run scripts or execute programs. Without this permission, executing programs or changing into directories is impossible.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: -0.176px; font-size: 1rem; text-decoration: underline;\">The Three Permission Levels<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; text-decoration: underline;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> In Linux, permissions are not applied globally but are assigned to specific categories of users.<span class=\"inline-flex\" aria-label=\"Linux Permission Basics | Contabo Blog\" data-state=\"closed\">\u200b <\/span>There are three main permission scopes that define who can access a file or directory.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>User (u)<\/strong>: This level refers to the owner of the file or directory. The user can be the person who created the file or a designated user with specific access rights.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Group (g)<\/strong>: Group permissions apply to a predefined set of users who share access to the file or directory. Groups are an efficient way to manage permissions for multiple users with similar needs.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Others (o)<\/strong>: The \u201cothers\u201d category includes everyone else who is neither the owner nor a member of the group associated with the file or directory. These permissions are the most open and typically apply to all users on the system.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc1a7c1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bc1a7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8724a74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"8724a74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-100bb76 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"100bb76\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c22643b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c22643b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Numeric Representation of Permissions <\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b335bc0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b335bc0\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1abf9ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1abf9ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Permissions can also be expressed numerically: read = 4, write = 2, execute = 1. These values are summed for each user category, producing a three-digit number that succinctly represents a file\u2019s permissions.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1e2faa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b1e2faa\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fa4082 xpro-table-head-icon-right xpro-table-row-icon-right elementor-widget elementor-widget-xpro-table\" data-id=\"3fa4082\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"xpro-table.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<table class=\"xpro-table xpro-table-responsive\">\n\t<thead class=\"xpro-table-head\">\n\t<tr class=\"xpro-table-head-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<th class=\"xpro-table-head-column-cell elementor-repeater-item-d9979f5\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-head-column-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-head-column-cell-content\">Permission<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t<th class=\"xpro-table-head-column-cell elementor-repeater-item-fbeaa87\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-head-column-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-head-column-cell-content\">Value<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t<\/thead>\n\t<tbody class=\"xpro-table-body\">\n\t\t\t<tr class=\"xpro-table-body-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-18c8f5c\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRead (r)\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-9942cce\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t<tr class=\"xpro-table-body-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-06a0e42\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWrite (w)\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-5739d22\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t<tr class=\"xpro-table-body-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-dcec071\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tExecute (x)\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-5ac5cd6\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1411d10 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1411d10\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b098575 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b098575\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">For example, a permission code of \u201c755\u201d indicates the owner has full access (7 = 4+2+1), while group members and others have read and execute permissions (5 = 4+1), but cannot write to the file.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7085f33 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7085f33\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-501df97 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"501df97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e90f98 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4e90f98\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e69e6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6e69e6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How to Use chmod to Modify Permissions<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8a1242 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c8a1242\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d9d2f59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d9d2f59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The chmod command is used to change file permissions. It lets you set or modify the permissions for a file or directory using either symbolic notation or octal notation.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Symbolic notation:<\/strong> This method uses letters (u, g, o, a) and symbols (+, -, =) to add or remove permissions.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-664083f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"664083f\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb678be xpro-table-head-icon-right xpro-table-row-icon-right elementor-widget elementor-widget-xpro-table\" data-id=\"cb678be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"xpro-table.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<table class=\"xpro-table xpro-table-responsive\">\n\t<thead class=\"xpro-table-head\">\n\t<tr class=\"xpro-table-head-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<th class=\"xpro-table-head-column-cell elementor-repeater-item-d9979f5\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-head-column-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-head-column-cell-content\">Symbol<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t<th class=\"xpro-table-head-column-cell elementor-repeater-item-fbeaa87\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-head-column-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-head-column-cell-content\">Meaning\u30fbUse for<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t<\/thead>\n\t<tbody class=\"xpro-table-body\">\n\t\t\t<tr class=\"xpro-table-body-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-18c8f5c\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tu\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-9942cce\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tUser (owner of the file) \t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t<tr class=\"xpro-table-body-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-06a0e42\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tg\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-5739d22\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGroup (users who are in the same group as the file) \t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t<tr class=\"xpro-table-body-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-dcec071\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\to\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-5ac5cd6\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOthers (everyone else) \t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t<tr class=\"xpro-table-body-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-aab6fd6\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ta\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-efdd793\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAll (a combination of u, g, and o) \t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t<tr class=\"xpro-table-body-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-018d720\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t+\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-e676191\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAdds the specified permission \t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t<tr class=\"xpro-table-body-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-1fecf15\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-c233ea2\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRemoves the specified permission \t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t<tr class=\"xpro-table-body-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-2cbad06\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t=\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-5c71446\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSets the specified permission and removes all others \t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-053e53b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"053e53b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-111a492 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"111a492\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Example: To add write permission for the user and group and remove all permissions for others on a file named example.txt, you can use the following command:<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-107486b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"107486b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be6d79f elementor-align-left elementor-tablet-align-left elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-xpro-block-quote\" data-id=\"be6d79f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"xpro-block-quote.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-block-quote-wrapper xpro-block-quote-layout-1\">\n\t<div class=\"xpro-block-quote-inner\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"xpro-block-quote-content\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-block-quote-content-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- Text -->\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"xpro-block-quote-text\">chmod ug+w,o-rx example.txt <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-block-quote-desc\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f404a74 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f404a74\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e1a2a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e1a2a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Octal Notation<\/strong>: This method uses three digits (0-7) to represent permissions for the owner, group, and others. Each digit corresponds to read (4), write (2), and execute (1) permissions.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08f7633 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"08f7633\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85e21ac xpro-table-head-icon-right xpro-table-row-icon-right elementor-widget elementor-widget-xpro-table\" data-id=\"85e21ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"xpro-table.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<table class=\"xpro-table xpro-table-responsive\">\n\t<thead class=\"xpro-table-head\">\n\t<tr class=\"xpro-table-head-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<th class=\"xpro-table-head-column-cell elementor-repeater-item-d9979f5\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-head-column-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-head-column-cell-content\">Digits (0-7) <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t\t<th class=\"xpro-table-head-column-cell elementor-repeater-item-fbeaa87\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-head-column-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-head-column-cell-content\">Corresponding Permissions <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t<\/thead>\n\t<tbody class=\"xpro-table-body\">\n\t\t\t<tr class=\"xpro-table-body-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-18c8f5c\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-9942cce\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNo permissions \t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t<tr class=\"xpro-table-body-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-06a0e42\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-5739d22\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tExecute (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t<tr class=\"xpro-table-body-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-dcec071\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-5ac5cd6\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWrite (2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t<tr class=\"xpro-table-body-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-aab6fd6\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-efdd793\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWrite + Execute (2+1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t<tr class=\"xpro-table-body-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-018d720\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-e676191\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRead (4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t<tr class=\"xpro-table-body-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-1fecf15\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t5\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-c233ea2\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRead + Execute (4+1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t<tr class=\"xpro-table-body-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-2cbad06\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t6\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-5c71446\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRead + Write (4+2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t<tr class=\"xpro-table-body-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-e956404\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t7\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell elementor-repeater-item-4710ee8\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"xpro-table-body-row-cell-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRead + Write + Execute (4+2+1)\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-114761f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"114761f\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc79265 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fc79265\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Example: To give read and write permissions to the owner, read-only permission to the group, and no permissions to others on a file named example.txt, you can use the following command:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee8e9c5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ee8e9c5\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-038121f elementor-align-left elementor-tablet-align-left elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-xpro-block-quote\" data-id=\"038121f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"xpro-block-quote.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-block-quote-wrapper xpro-block-quote-layout-1\">\n\t<div class=\"xpro-block-quote-inner\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"xpro-block-quote-content\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-block-quote-content-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- Text -->\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"xpro-block-quote-text\">chmod 640 example.txt <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-block-quote-desc\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6eef916 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6eef916\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66e727f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"66e727f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"324\" src=\"https:\/\/murshed.jp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/permissions-1-768x324-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-9647\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/murshed.jp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/permissions-1-768x324-1.png 768w, https:\/\/murshed.jp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/permissions-1-768x324-1-300x127.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5594226 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5594226\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79549e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"79549e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-901261f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"901261f\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d63b7b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d63b7b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Understanding User and Group Ownership<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b1902f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5b1902f\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4282c80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4282c80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In Unix-based systems, each file and directory has two ownership levels: user ownership and group ownership. Understanding these levels is crucial because they directly determine who can access, modify, or execute a file or directory.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c69d66c e-grid e-con-full e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c69d66c\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-400e408 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"400e408\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>User Ownership<\/strong>:<\/span><\/h5><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The user who creates a file or directory becomes its owner by default. This owner has special privileges and can change the file\u2019s permissions, read, write, and delete it, regardless of the permissions set for others.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15505fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"15505fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Group Ownership<\/strong>:<\/span><\/h5><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Each user on a Unix system belongs to one or more groups. A file or directory can be assigned to a specific group. Users who are members of that group obtain group ownership of the file or directory. Group ownership lets group members access the file according to its group permissions.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79c16ac e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"79c16ac\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8ea935 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c8ea935\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In Unix-based systems, each file and directory has two ownership levels: user ownership and group ownership. Understanding these levels is crucial because they directly determine who can access, modify, or execute a file or directory.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb3862a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cb3862a\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7d84a8 elementor-align-left elementor-tablet-align-left elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-xpro-block-quote\" data-id=\"f7d84a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"xpro-block-quote.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-block-quote-wrapper xpro-block-quote-layout-1\">\n\t<div class=\"xpro-block-quote-inner\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"xpro-block-quote-content\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-block-quote-content-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- Text -->\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"xpro-block-quote-text\">ls -l file.txt <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-block-quote-desc\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a070ed1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a070ed1\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e5506bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e5506bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The output of this command will display information in a format like the following:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e26a51 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8e26a51\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2c4a7e elementor-align-left elementor-tablet-align-left elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-xpro-block-quote\" data-id=\"e2c4a7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"xpro-block-quote.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-block-quote-wrapper xpro-block-quote-layout-1\">\n\t<div class=\"xpro-block-quote-inner\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"xpro-block-quote-content\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-block-quote-content-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- Text -->\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"xpro-block-quote-text\">-rw-r--r--  1 user1  group1  1234 Sep  6 10:00 file.txt <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-block-quote-desc\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b00e948 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b00e948\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7549c30 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7549c30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Explanation<\/strong>:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Here is a breakdown explanation of what each column represents:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>\u00a0-rw-r&#8211;r&#8211;:<\/strong>\u00a0These characters represent the file\u2019s permissions. The first character indicates the file type (in this case, a regular file), followed by three sets of permissions for the file owner, group owner, and others.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>\u00a01:<\/strong> This number indicates the number of hard links to the file.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<strong>user1<\/strong>: This is the name of the file owner.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<strong>group1<\/strong>: This is the name of the group owner.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<strong>1234<\/strong>: This is the file size in bytes.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<strong>Sep\u00a0 6 10:00<\/strong>: This is the date and time of the last modification.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<strong>file.txt<\/strong>: This is the file or directory name.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In the example above, user1 owns the file file.txt, and it is part of the group group1. The file\u2019s permissions are\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0rw-r&#8211;r&#8211;, which means that the owner has read and write permissions, while the group and others can only read the file.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-774e471 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"774e471\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51e33b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"51e33b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c19e9c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-qi_addons_for_elementor_separator\" data-id=\"c19e9c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"qi_addons_for_elementor_separator.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qodef-shortcode qodef-m qodef-qi-separator qodef-qi-clear qodef-separator--with-icon qodef-position--left\">\n\t<div class=\"qodef-m-line\">\n\t\t<div class=\"qodef-m-inner-line\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"qodef-m-separator-icon\">\n\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-far-paper-plane\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M440 6.5L24 246.4c-34.4 19.9-31.1 70.8 5.7 85.9L144 379.6V464c0 46.4 59.2 65.5 86.6 28.6l43.8-59.1 111.9 46.2c5.9 2.4 12.1 3.6 18.3 3.6 8.2 0 16.3-2.1 23.6-6.2 12.8-7.2 21.6-20 23.9-34.5l59.4-387.2c6.1-40.1-36.9-68.8-71.5-48.9zM192 464v-64.6l36.6 15.1L192 464zm212.6-28.7l-153.8-63.5L391 169.5c10.7-15.5-9.5-33.5-23.7-21.2L155.8 332.6 48 288 464 48l-59.4 387.3z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"qodef-m-inner-line\"><\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f488f68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"f488f68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8fd6cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a8fd6cc\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-614d497 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"614d497\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Changing File Ownership<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5a553b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f5a553b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6918712 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6918712\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Changing the file ownership of a file or directory, including its contents, is an essential task that allows the transfer of ownership of files and directories between users and groups. \u00a0Let&#8217;s explain gradually, how to change the owner and group of a file or directory using the <strong>chown<\/strong> and <strong>chgrp<\/strong> commands.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e69c41e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e69c41e\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdf1805 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cdf1805\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How to Change File Ownership using \"chown\" <\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d123332 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d123332\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-180d5d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"180d5d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The <strong>chown<\/strong> command changes the owner of a file or directory. It allows the transfer of ownership from one user to another. To use <strong>chown<\/strong>, the operator will need the <strong>superuser (root) privileges or ownership<\/strong> of the file or directory.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The basic syntax for <strong>chown<\/strong> is as follows:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d87c74d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d87c74d\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d22650 elementor-align-left elementor-tablet-align-left elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-xpro-block-quote\" data-id=\"0d22650\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"xpro-block-quote.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-block-quote-wrapper xpro-block-quote-layout-1\">\n\t<div class=\"xpro-block-quote-inner\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"xpro-block-quote-content\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-block-quote-content-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- Text -->\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"xpro-block-quote-text\">chown [new_owner:new_group] [file_or_directory] <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-block-quote-desc\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd33deb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fd33deb\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f20a42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0f20a42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>&gt; <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">new_owner:<\/span><\/strong> The new owner\u2019s username.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>&gt; <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">new_group:<\/span><\/strong> The new group\u2019s name (optional).\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>&gt; <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">file_or_directory:<\/span><\/strong> The file or directory whose ownership that want to change.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcd97e9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bcd97e9\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa0fc45 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"aa0fc45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a6e198 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1a6e198\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2297f90 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2297f90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How to Change File Ownership using \"chown\" <\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae2620f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ae2620f\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24802e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"24802e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The <strong>chgrp<\/strong> command changes the group ownership of a file or directory. Like chown, the operator will need the <strong>superuser privileges or ownership<\/strong> of the file or directory to use <strong>chgrp<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The basic syntax for <strong>chgrp<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0is as follows:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c99c1ea e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c99c1ea\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f811f0 elementor-align-left elementor-tablet-align-left elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-xpro-block-quote\" data-id=\"4f811f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"xpro-block-quote.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-block-quote-wrapper xpro-block-quote-layout-1\">\n\t<div class=\"xpro-block-quote-inner\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"xpro-block-quote-content\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-block-quote-content-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- Text -->\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"xpro-block-quote-text\">chgrp [new_group][file_or_directory]<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"xpro-block-quote-desc\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6186ff1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6186ff1\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e06ab7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e06ab7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>&gt; <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">new_group:<\/span><\/strong> The new group\u2019s name.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>&gt; <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">file_or_directory:<\/span><\/strong> The file or directory whose group ownership that want to change.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5794fa4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5794fa4\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08cb1f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"08cb1f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-811511b elementor-widget elementor-widget-qi_addons_for_elementor_separator\" data-id=\"811511b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"qi_addons_for_elementor_separator.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qodef-shortcode qodef-m qodef-qi-separator qodef-qi-clear qodef-separator--with-icon qodef-position--left\">\n\t<div class=\"qodef-m-line\">\n\t\t<div class=\"qodef-m-inner-line\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"qodef-m-separator-icon\">\n\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-far-paper-plane\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M440 6.5L24 246.4c-34.4 19.9-31.1 70.8 5.7 85.9L144 379.6V464c0 46.4 59.2 65.5 86.6 28.6l43.8-59.1 111.9 46.2c5.9 2.4 12.1 3.6 18.3 3.6 8.2 0 16.3-2.1 23.6-6.2 12.8-7.2 21.6-20 23.9-34.5l59.4-387.2c6.1-40.1-36.9-68.8-71.5-48.9zM192 464v-64.6l36.6 15.1L192 464zm212.6-28.7l-153.8-63.5L391 169.5c10.7-15.5-9.5-33.5-23.7-21.2L155.8 332.6 48 288 464 48l-59.4 387.3z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"qodef-m-inner-line\"><\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa3c46e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"fa3c46e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b62edd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9b62edd\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7a01bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f7a01bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"513\" src=\"https:\/\/murshed.jp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/chmod-755-visual-representation.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-9649\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/murshed.jp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/chmod-755-visual-representation.webp 700w, https:\/\/murshed.jp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/chmod-755-visual-representation-300x220.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bf375b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1bf375b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8b13fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c8b13fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Code Examples for Changing Ownership <\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f1a66b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3f1a66b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5210251 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5210251\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"ember91\" class=\"ember-view reader-text-block__paragraph\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Here are some practical code examples for changing ownership of files and directories:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70e4fec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"70e4fec\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-672e471 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"672e471\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1. Changing File Ownership with \"chown\": <\/h6>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f569d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7f569d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"ember91\" class=\"ember-view reader-text-block__paragraph\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">To change the owner of a file named file.txt to a user named newuser, use the following command:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05753df e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"05753df\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73aa2b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"73aa2b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\tsudo chown newuser file.txt\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dcd47d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5dcd47d\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2c18a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2c18a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"ember91\" class=\"ember-view reader-text-block__paragraph\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">To change both the owner and group ownership of the same file, use:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-406adbe e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"406adbe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af6cd4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"af6cd4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\tsudo chown newuser:newgroup file.txt\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-799311f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"799311f\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b7cd8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9b7cd8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2. Changing Directory Ownership with \"chown\": <\/h6>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4eaea67 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4eaea67\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"ember91\" class=\"ember-view reader-text-block__paragraph\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">To change the owner of a directory named mydir and all its contents to newuser, use the -R option for recursive ownership change:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ebb95f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4ebb95f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8dd4771 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"8dd4771\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\tsudo chown -R newuser mydir \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21ce956 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"21ce956\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a33fd8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0a33fd8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">3. Changing Group Ownership with \"chgrp\": <\/h6>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65c8189 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"65c8189\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"ember91\" class=\"ember-view reader-text-block__paragraph\">To change the group ownership of a file named file.txt to a group named newgroup, use the following command:\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da2583f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"da2583f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68a4566 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"68a4566\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\tsudo chgrp newgroup file.txt \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd192bd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bd192bd\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa80075 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fa80075\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">4. Changing Group Ownership of a Directory with \"chgrp\":<\/h6>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-81e9778 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"81e9778\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"ember91\" class=\"ember-view reader-text-block__paragraph\">To change the group ownership of a file named file.txt to a group named newgroup, use the following command:\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2094dc1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2094dc1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc40ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bc40ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\tsudo chgrp -R newgroup mydir \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71468a4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"71468a4\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-831c0aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"831c0aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">5. Common Chmod Commands<\/h6>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4bc358 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e4bc358\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d680e3a elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"d680e3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span> \r\n\t<b>Grant read permission to all users : <\/b> \r\n    <br><br>\r\n    \u30fbchmod +r test.txt<br>\r\n    \u30fbchmod 444 test.txt<br>\r\n    \u30fbchmod ugo=r test.txt\r\n    <br><br>\r\n    <b>Grant read &amp; write permissions to all users: <\/b>\r\n    <br><br>\r\n    \u30fbchmod +rw test.txt<br>\r\n    \u30fbchmod 666 test.txt<br>\r\n    \u30fbchmod ugo=rw test.txt\r\n    <br><br>\r\n    <b>Remove execute permission for all users:<\/b> \r\n    <br><br>\r\n    \u30fbchmod -x test.txt<br>\r\n    \u30fbchmod ugo-x test.txt\r\n    <br><br>\r\n    <b>Grant read permission to the group only:<\/b> \r\n    <br><br>\r\n    \u30fbchmod g+r test.txt<br>\r\n    \u30fbchmod 664 test.txt\r\n<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-838fb43 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"838fb43\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58db457 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"58db457\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e38458 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2e38458\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d3d9ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6d3d9ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Thank You<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e29fee elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_separator_divider\" data-id=\"8e29fee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_separator_divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Unlimited Separator Divider -->\n<style>\/* widget: Unlimited Separator Divider *\/\n\n#uc_separator_divider_elementor_8e29fee svg\n{\n  width:100%;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n<div id=\"uc_separator_divider_elementor_8e29fee\" class=\"separator_divider\">   \n\t\n  \n  \n  \n   \n  \n  \n\n    \n    \n  \n    \n  \n  \n  \n    \n    \n    <svg version=\"1.1\"  xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" viewBox=\"0 0 262.5 30.3\" xml:space=\"preserve\">\n  <path class=\"st0\" d=\"M68.5 14.2h-7.2c-2.3.1-2.3.1-3.1 2.3-1.7 4.8-4.1 9.1-8.1 12.4-.3.2-.6.5-.9.7-1 .5-2 0-2.1-1.2 0-.6.1-1.2.3-1.7 1.2-4.3 2.9-8.4 6.1-11.7.1-.1.2-.3.4-.6-.8-.2-1.6-.1-2.3-.1-2.6.1-5.3.2-7.9.3-.6 0-1.1-.1-1.4.7-1.1 3.1-3.6 5.3-6 7.4-2.3 2.1-4.9 3.7-7.7 5-.3.2-.7.3-1.1.5-.6.2-1 0-1.4-.4-.4-.4-.3-.9 0-1.4 2.4-3.9 4.6-7.9 8.4-10.7.2-.1.4-.3.4-.7h-2c-4.7-.1-9.2 1-13.7 2.5-4.2 1.6-8.5 1.6-12.9 1.5-1.3 0-2.6-.2-3.8-.2-.6 0-1.2-.2-1.7-.4-.4-.2-.8-.5-.8-1-.1-.6.4-.8.8-.9 3.9-1.6 7.9-3.1 12.1-3.7 2.7-.3 5.2.3 7.8 1.1.6.2 1.2.4 1.9.4 4.3-.4 8.6-.8 12.8-1.2.1-.3-.1-.4-.2-.5C30.6 10.2 27.7 6.3 25 2c-.1-.2-.2-.3-.3-.5-.4-1.1 0-1.7 1.1-1.5.3 0 .6.2.9.3 3.9 2 7.8 4.3 11.3 7 1.7 1.3 3.3 2.7 4.2 4.7.3.6.7.7 1.2.6 2.8-.1 5.6-.3 8.4-.4.1-.5-.2-.6-.5-.7-2.7-1.6-4.7-3.9-6.2-6.7-.5-1-1-1.9-1.5-2.9-.2-.4-.4-.9-.1-1.3.3-.4.9-.4 1.4-.3.2.1.5.2.7.3 3.2 1.7 6.4 3.6 9.1 6.1 1.3 1.2 2.5 2.6 3.4 4.2.4.8 1 1.2 2 1.2 2.5-.1 5 0 7.5 0 .1-.9-.5-.9-.8-1.1-3.4-2-5-5.2-6-8.9-.3-1.2.3-1.7 1.5-1.4.4.1.8.4 1.2.6C67.4 4 71.3 6.8 73.8 11c.3.6.8.8 1.4.8h6.4c-.3-.8-.9-1-1.4-1.2C76.9 9 75 6.3 73.6 3.1c-.4-1.1 0-1.6 1.1-1.5.2 0 .4.1.6.1 4.2 1.8 8.1 4 10.1 8.5.6 1.3 1.3 1.7 2.6 1.6 2.6-.1 5.1 0 8 0-.6-.8-1.3-.9-1.9-1.2-2.9-1.4-4.7-3.7-5.5-6.8-.2-.7-.5-1.4.1-2 .7-.7 1.6-.3 2.3 0 2.2 1.1 4.1 2.6 5.8 4.4 1.3 1.3 2.5 2.7 3.2 4.3.5 1.1 1.2 1.3 2.3 1.3h18.1c1.2 0 2.3.1 3.5.2.4 0 .8.1 1.1.2.5.1.7.5.7 1 0 .6-.5.6-1 .7-1.2.2-2.4.3-3.6.3-6.2 0-12.3-.1-18.5-.1h-1.2c-.7-.1-1.1.2-1.1.9-.2 4.3-2.5 7.8-4.7 11.3-.1.2-.3.4-.4.6-.4.5-.8 1.2-1.5.9-.8-.3-1.1-1-1-1.9.3-3.9.9-7.8 3.1-11.2.1-.1.3-.3 0-.7h-8.3c-.5 0-.8.3-1 .7-.3 1-.7 1.9-1.1 2.9-1.2 2.9-2.7 5.7-4.7 8.2-.4.4-.8.9-1.2 1.2-.4.4-.9.6-1.4.3-.6-.3-.9-.8-.8-1.4 0-.3 0-.5.1-.8.7-3.7 1.7-7.3 4.2-10.2.2-.2.5-.4.4-1h-7.6c-.8 0-.8.6-1 1.2-.6 2-1.4 4-2.5 5.8-1.4 2.3-3 4.3-5.3 5.7-.4.3-.9.5-1.4.7-1.2.7-2.2-.1-1.8-1.4.9-3.6 2.1-7.1 4.7-10 .4-.5 1.1-.9 1.4-1.7zm-28.1-1.6c-3.1-4.5-7.7-7-12.3-9.6 3.1 4.5 6.5 8.6 12.3 9.6zM4.2 17.1c5.6.6 13.9-.1 16.2-1.8-5.7-2.2-11-.3-16.2 1.8zm60.2 8.2c4.2-2.4 6.1-6.4 7.5-10.8-4.2 2.4-6.2 6.3-7.5 10.8zM46.8 2.9c1.8 4.8 7.1 9.4 10.3 8.9C54.5 8 51 5.4 46.8 2.9zm-7 12.6C35 17.2 32 20.9 29.5 25c4.2-2.2 7.9-5.1 10.3-9.5zm16.7-.1c-3.1 1.8-6.9 8.1-7.2 12 3.8-3.5 5.9-7.5 7.2-12zm15.8-3.9C70 8.2 67 5.8 63.7 3.4c.4 4 5.1 7.6 8.6 8.1zM91 3.7c.8 3.8 3.6 5.5 7 6.7-1.8-2.8-4.1-5.1-7-6.7zM76.5 4c1.5 3.2 3.8 5.3 7.1 6.4-1.5-3-4-5.1-7.1-6.4zm8.3 11.1c-2.7 1.8-5.2 6.5-5.2 9.7 2.3-3 4-6.1 5.2-9.7zm10.1 8.6c1.9-2.6 3.3-5.5 3.7-8.8-2.5 2.4-3.3 5.5-3.7 8.8zM195.4 16.2c2.6 2.9 3.8 6.4 4.7 10 .3 1.4-.6 2.1-1.9 1.6-.5-.2-.9-.5-1.4-.7-2.3-1.4-3.9-3.5-5.3-5.8-1.1-1.8-1.9-3.8-2.5-5.8-.2-.6-.2-1.2-1-1.2h-7.6c-.1.5.2.8.4 1 2.5 2.9 3.5 6.5 4.2 10.2 0 .3.1.5.1.8 0 .6-.3 1.1-.8 1.4-.5.3-1 0-1.4-.3-.4-.4-.8-.8-1.2-1.3-2-2.5-3.5-5.2-4.6-8.2-.4-1-.7-1.9-1.1-2.9-.2-.5-.4-.8-1-.8h-8.3c-.3.4-.1.5 0 .7 2.3 3.4 2.8 7.3 3.1 11.2.1.9-.2 1.6-1 1.9-.8.2-1.1-.4-1.5-.9-.2-.2-.3-.4-.4-.6-2.2-3.5-4.4-7-4.6-11.3 0-.8-.4-1-1.1-.9h-19.7c-1.2 0-2.4-.1-3.6-.3-.4-.1-1-.1-1-.7 0-.5.2-.9.7-1 .4-.1.8-.2 1.1-.2 1.2-.1 2.3-.1 3.5-.1 6 0 12.1 0 18.1.1 1.1 0 1.7-.2 2.3-1.2.8-1.6 2-3 3.3-4.3 1.7-1.7 3.6-3.3 5.9-4.3.8-.4 1.6-.7 2.3 0 .6.6.3 1.3.1 2-.8 3.1-2.7 5.3-5.6 6.8-.6.3-1.3.4-1.9 1.2 2.8 0 5.4-.1 8 .1 1.3.1 2.1-.4 2.6-1.6 2-4.4 5.9-6.6 10.1-8.4.2-.1.4-.1.6-.1 1.1-.1 1.6.4 1.1 1.5-1.4 3.2-3.3 6-6.5 7.6-.5.2-1.1.3-1.4 1.2h6.4c.6 0 1.1-.2 1.4-.7 2.5-4.2 6.4-7 10.3-9.7.4-.3.8-.5 1.2-.6 1.1-.3 1.8.2 1.5 1.4-1 3.6-2.6 6.8-6 8.8-.3.2-.9.2-.8 1.1h7.5c1 0 1.5-.3 2-1.2.9-1.6 2.1-3 3.4-4.2 2.7-2.5 5.9-4.3 9.1-6.1.2-.1.5-.2.7-.3.5-.1 1.1-.1 1.4.3.3.4.1.9-.1 1.3-.5 1-1 1.9-1.5 2.9-1.4 2.8-3.4 5.1-6.2 6.7-.3.1-.6.2-.5.7 2.8.2 5.6.3 8.4.5.5 0 1 0 1.2-.6.9-2 2.5-3.4 4.2-4.7 3.5-2.8 7.3-5 11.3-7 .3-.1.6-.3.9-.3 1.1-.2 1.5.4 1.1 1.5-.1.2-.2.3-.3.5-2.7 4.2-5.6 8.1-10.2 10.5-.2.1-.3.2-.2.5 4.3.4 8.5.8 12.8 1.2.7.1 1.2-.2 1.9-.4 2.5-.8 5.1-1.4 7.8-1.1 4.2.6 8.2 2.2 12.1 3.7.4.2.9.4.8.9-.1.5-.4.8-.8 1-.5.3-1.1.4-1.7.4-1.3.1-2.6.2-3.9.2-4.3.1-8.7 0-12.8-1.4-4.5-1.5-9-2.7-13.7-2.6h-2c0 .4.2.5.4.7 3.8 2.8 6 6.8 8.4 10.7.3.5.4 1-.1 1.4-.4.4-.8.6-1.4.4-.4-.2-.7-.3-1.1-.5-2.8-1.3-5.4-3-7.7-5.1-2.4-2.1-4.8-4.3-5.9-7.5-.3-.7-.8-.7-1.4-.7-2.6-.1-5.3-.3-7.9-.4-.7 0-1.5-.1-2.3.1.2.3.2.5.4.6 3.1 3.3 4.9 7.4 6 11.7.1.6.3 1.1.2 1.7-.1 1.1-1.1 1.7-2.1 1.1-.3-.2-.6-.5-.9-.7-4-3.3-6.4-7.7-8.1-12.5-.8-2.2-.7-2.3-3.1-2.3h-7.2c.2.9.9 1.2 1.3 1.7zm39-12.7c-4.6 2.6-9.2 5.1-12.3 9.6 5.9-.9 9.3-5 12.3-9.6zm7.7 12.3c2.3 1.7 10.7 2.5 16.2 1.9-5.2-2.1-10.5-4-16.2-1.9zm-51.5-.9c1.4 4.4 3.3 8.4 7.5 10.8-1.3-4.5-3.3-8.4-7.5-10.8zm14.9-2.7c3.1.5 8.4-4.1 10.3-8.9-4.2 2.5-7.7 5.1-10.3 8.9zM233 25.6c-2.5-4.2-5.5-7.8-10.3-9.6 2.4 4.4 6.1 7.3 10.3 9.6zm-19.9 2.2c-.3-3.8-4.1-10.2-7.2-12 1.4 4.6 3.5 8.6 7.2 12zm-14.3-24c-3.3 2.4-6.3 4.7-8.6 8.1 3.5-.6 8.3-4.1 8.6-8.1zm-34.3 6.7c3.4-1.1 6.2-2.8 7.1-6.6-2.9 1.6-5.2 3.9-7.1 6.6zm14.5.2c3.3-1.1 5.6-3.2 7.1-6.4-3.1 1.3-5.6 3.4-7.1 6.4zm3.8 14.5c0-3.3-2.4-7.9-5.1-9.8 1.2 3.6 2.9 6.7 5.1 9.8zm-18.9-10.1c.3 3.3 1.7 6.2 3.6 8.8-.3-3.3-1.1-6.4-3.6-8.8z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\n    \n    \n  \n  <\/div>\n<!-- end Unlimited Separator Divider -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>File permissions are the cornerstone of Linux system administration, acting as gatekeepers for the operating system\u2019s files and directories. They determine what actions a user can perform\u2014such as reading, writing, or executing files\u2014and help ensure the system\u2019s security and integrity. Knowing how to manage these permissions effectively is essential for anyone responsible for maintaining a Linux environment.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9629,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[35,41,44,39,31,46,29,33],"tags":[70,72,74],"class_list":["post-9625","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-agile","category-kanban-agile","category-linux","category-scrum","category-sdlc","category-server","category-tech","category-waterfall","tag-chmod","tag-chown","tag-file-permission"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/murshed.jp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9625","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/murshed.jp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/murshed.jp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/murshed.jp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/murshed.jp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=9625"}],"version-history":[{"count":21,"href":"https:\/\/murshed.jp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9625\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9652,"href":"https:\/\/murshed.jp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9625\/revisions\/9652"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/murshed.jp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/9629"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/murshed.jp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=9625"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/murshed.jp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=9625"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/murshed.jp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=9625"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}